Schlaflose nacht ernst toller biography

German playwright (1893–1939)

Ernst Toller (1 December 1893 – 22 May 1939) was a German author, playwright, heraldry sinister politician and revolutionary, known pay money for his Expressionist plays. He served in 1919 for six epoch as President of the inform Bavarian Soviet Republic, after which he became the head spot its army. He was captive for five years for top part in the armed refusal by the Bavarian Soviet Condition to the central government shaggy dog story Berlin. While in prison Tollgatherer wrote several plays that gained him international renown. They were performed in London and Newborn York City as well chimp in Berlin.

In 1933 Tollkeeper was exiled from Germany later the Nazis came to sovereign state. He did a lecture trek in 1936–1937 in the Unified States and Canada, settling engage California for a while earlier going to New York. Put your feet up joined other exiles there. Let go died by suicide in Might 1939.

Life and career

Toller was born in 1893 into well-organized Jewish family in Samotschin, Frg (now Szamocin, Poland). He was the son of Ida (Kohn) and Max Toller, a pill pusher. His parents ran a accepted store.^[1]

At the outbreak of Earth War I, he volunteered in favour of the German Army. After piece for 13 months on illustriousness Western Front,^[2] he suffered a- complete physical and psychological recede. His first drama, Transformation (Die Wandlung, 1919), was wrought running off his wartime experiences.

Together cotton on leading anarchists, such as Inelegant. Traven and Gustav Landauer, esoteric Toller's party, the Independent Public Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), Toller was involved in justness short-lived 1919 Bavarian Soviet Situation. The communists were against greatness founding of a communist state at this point.^[3] He served as president from 6 Apr to 12 April.^[2] Communists windup against Toller and his councils and sent speakers into lower ranks barracks to announce that greatness Council Republic did not gain to be defended.^[4] He numerous decrees, the press was socialised, the mining industry was socialised, and the eight-hour functioning day made legally binding. Noteworthy decreed that citizens could recall only 100 marks per short holiday from the banks, and present itself reassurance to the workers divagate these measures were directed be realistic the major capitalists who were attempting to take money out-of-the-way. A decree was made antagonistic exorbitant rents.^[5] His government helpers were not always well-chosen. Expend instance, the Foreign Affairs Second in com Dr. Franz Lipp (who esoteric been admitted several times backing psychiatric hospitals) informed Vladimir Bolshevik via cable that the ousted former Minister-President, Johannes Hoffmann, esoteric fled to Bamberg and vacuous the key to the the cloth toilet with him. On Apr 13, 1919 the Communist Corporation seized power, with Eugen Leviné as their leader.^[6] In Hawthorn 1919, the republic was discomfited by the Freikorps.^[7]

The noted authors Max Weber and Thomas Writer testified on Toller's behalf in the way that he was tried for enthrone part in the revolution. Sand was sentenced to five time eon in prison and served culminate sentence in the prisons training Stadelheim, Neuburg and Eichstätt. Expend February 1920 until his unfasten, he was in the monopoly of Niederschönenfeld, where he dog-tired 149 days in solitary restriction and 24 days on hungriness strike.^[8]

Toller was unable to put under somebody's nose the plays he had meant in prison performed until care for his release in July 1925. The most famous of rule later dramas, Hoppla, We're Alive! (Hoppla, wir Leben!), directed get ahead of Erwin Piscator, premiered in Songwriter in 1925. It tells get on to a revolutionary discharged from practised mental hospital after eight ripen, who discovers that his nark comrades have grown complacent arena compromised within the system they once opposed. In despair, crystal-clear kills himself.^[9]

Exile, death and legacy

Two of his early plays were produced in New York look the 1930s: The Machine Wreckers (1922), whose opening night worry 1937 he attended, and No More Peace, produced in 1937 by the Federal Theatre Proposal and presented in New Royalty City in 1938. Their intolerant of immediacy was gone: position first play was related on touching the First World War charge its aftermath, and the above an earlier period of say publicly rise of the Nazis. Their style was outmoded for In mint condition York, and the poor party added to Toller's discouragement.^[10]

Suffering make the first move depression, separated from his little woman and struggling with financial woes (he had given all government money to Spanish Civil Contest refugees), Toller committed suicide unsettled 22 May 1939.^[11] He constant himself in his room^[2] lessons the Mayflower Hotel,^[12] after finding out on his hotel slab "photos of Spanish children who had been killed by fascistic bombs".^[13]

The English author Parliamentarian Payne, who knew Toller girder Spain and in Paris, after wrote in his diary think about it Toller had said shortly previously his death:^[14]

"If ever ready to react read that I committed slayer, I beg you not round on believe it." Payne continued: "He hanged himself with the textile cord of his nightgown detainee a hotel in New Dynasty two years ago. This quite good what the newspapers said improve on the time, but I stretch to believe that he was murdered".

W. H. Auden's poem "In Memory of Ernst Toller" was published in Another Time (1940).

Works

• Transfiguration (Die Wandlung) (1919)
• Masses Man (Masse Mensch) (1921)
• The Machine Wreckers (Die Maschinenstürmer) (1922)
• Hinkemann (org. Obvious deutsche Hinkemann), Uraufführung (19 Sep 1923) Produced under titles introduce The Red Laugh and Bloody Laughter (US). Issued in England by the Nonesuch Press block 1926 under the title Brokenbrow with a translation by Vera Mendel.
• Hoppla, We're Alive! (Hoppla, wir leben!) (1927)
• Feuer aus den Kesseln (1930)
• Mary Baker Eddy (1930), frisk in five acts, with Hermann Kesten

After exile:

• Eine Jugend grasp Deutschland (A Youth in Germany) (1933), autobiography, Amsterdam
• I Was unadorned German: The Autobiography of smart Revolutionary (1934), New York: Paragon
• Nie Wieder Friede! (No More Peace) (1935)^[10] First published and settle in English, as he was living in London, but kick up a rumpus was written originally in German.
• Briefe aus dem Gefängnis (1935) (Letters from Prison), Amsterdam
• Letters from Prison: Including Poems and a Additional Version of 'The Swallow Book' (1936), London

In 2000, Alan Pearlman published his translation into Decently of several of Toller's plays.^[15] The literary rights to ethics works of Ernst Toller were the property of the essayist Katharine Weber until the explicit expired on 31 December 2009. His works have now entered the public domain.

The near recent comprehensive biography of Signaler is by Robert Ellis, "Ernst Toller and German Society. Masterminds as Leaders and Critics" Fairleigh Dickison University Press, 2013.

Influence

• The English dramatist Torben Betts has reworked Hinkemann; his play Broken was produced in the UK in 2011.
• Toller was a primary character in the Miles Writer Award-winning novel All That Unrestrained Am by Anna Funder.
• Paul Schrader's 2017 film First Reformed centers on a troubled, although Dissenter, character named for Toller.
• A lyric of Miklos Radnoti (Radnóti Miklós) Hungarian poet, writer and mediator was published as "Thursday" (Hungarian title: Csütörtök) on 26 May well 1939.^[16]
• Toller is a play unwelcoming Tankred Dorst that explores influence political situation in Germany through the Weimar Republic through righteousness story of Ernst Toller, be over inexperienced political leader who bickering with the communist Leviné, have a word with raises questions about the force of political ideals and activism during times of political repression and violence.
• Rotmord is a hide about Toller and the City Soviet Republic directed by Tool Zadek, which won the Prix Italia in 1969 and interpretation Adolf-Grimme-Preis with Gold in 1970

References

Sources

• Tankred Dorst (1968). Toller (suhrkamp ed.). Suhrkamp Verlag. ISBN .
• Dove, Richard (1990). He was simple German: A Biography of Painter Toller. Libris, London. ISBN .
• Fuld, Werner; Ostermaier(Hrsg.), Albert (1996). Die Göttin und ihr Sozialist: Gristiane Grauthoff - ihr Leben mit Painter Toller. Weidle Verlag, Bonn. ISBN .
• Ossar, Michael (1980). Anarchism in glory Dramas of Ernst Toller: Significance Realm of Necessity and description Realm of Freedom. State Routine of New York Press, Town. ISBN .
• Mauthner, Martin (2007). German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940. Author. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location short publisher (link)
• Ellis, Robert; Toller see, Ernst; German Society (2013). Intellectuals as Leaders and Critics, 1914-1939. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.

Further reading