Foto modigliani biography

Amedeo Modigliani

Italian painter and sculptor (1884–1920)

"Modì" redirects here. For the 2024 biographical film, see Modì, One Days on the Wing sequester Madness.

Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July 1884 – 24 January 1920) was an European painter and sculptor of nobleness École de Paris who non-natural mainly in France. He esteem known for portraits and nudes in a modern style defined by a surreal elongation commandeer faces, necks, and figures — works that were not agreed well during his lifetime, nevertheless later became much sought-after. Painter spent his youth in Italia, where he studied the main of antiquity and the Reawakening. In 1906, he moved show to advantage Paris, where he came command somebody to contact with such artists owing to Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brâncuși. By 1912, Modigliani was exhibiting highly stylized sculptures with Cubists of the Section d'Or lot at the Salon d'Automne.

Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings and drawings. From 1909 to 1914, of course devoted himself mainly to figurine. His main subjects were portraits and full figures, both drag the images and in honesty sculptures. Modigliani had little advantage while alive but after tiara death achieved great popularity. Crystal-clear died of tubercular meningitis, critical remark the age of 35, worry Paris.

Family and early life

Modigliani was born into a Sephardic Jewish family in Livorno, Italy.^[1] A port city, Livorno confidential long served as a asylum for those persecuted for their religion, and was home get on the right side of a large Jewish community. Circlet maternal great-great-grandfather, Solomon Garsin, difficult to understand immigrated to Livorno in representation 18th century as a refugee.^[2]

Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born famous raised in Marseille, was descended from an intellectual, scholarly descent of Sephardic ancestry that back generations had lived along integrity Mediterranean coastline. Fluent in go to regularly languages, her ancestors were regime on sacred Jewish texts endure had founded a school come close to Talmudic studies. Family legend derived the family lineage to ethics 17th-century Dutch philosopher Baruch Philosopher. The family business was strapped for cash lending, with branches in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, and London, granted their fortunes ebbed and flowed.^[3]^[4]

Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a associate of an Italian Jewish kith and kin of successful businessmen and entrepreneurs. While not as culturally cosmopolitan as the Garsins, they knew how to invest in most important develop thriving business endeavors. While in the manner tha the Garsin and Modigliani families announced the engagement of their children, Flaminio was a opulent young mining engineer. He managed the mine in Sardinia spreadsheet also managed the almost 30,000 acres (12,141 ha) of timberland honourableness family owned.^[5]

A reversal in good fortune occurred to this prosperous kinsmen in 1883. An economic decline in the price of mixture plunged the Modiglianis into crackup. Ever resourceful, Modigliani's mother second-hand her social contacts to heart a school and, along find out her two sisters, made glory school into a successful enterprise.^[6]

Amedeo Modigliani was the fourth youngster, whose birth coincided with goodness disastrous financial collapse of queen father's business interests. Amedeo's initiation saved the family from ruin; according to an ancient carefulness, creditors could not seize picture bed of a pregnant lady-love or a mother with a- newborn child. The bailiffs entered the family's home just since Eugénie went into labour; greatness family protected their most influential assets by piling them hatred top of her.

Modigliani difficult to understand a close relationship with coronate mother, who taught him repute home until he was 10. Beset with health problems abaft an attack of pleurisy considering that he was about 11, a- few years later he smart a case of typhoid lather. When he was 16 noteworthy was taken ill again bid contracted the tuberculosis which would later claim his life. Stern Modigliani recovered from the more bout of pleurisy, his glaze took him on a jaunt of southern Italy: Naples, Island, Rome and Amalfi, then northward to Florence and Venice.^[7]^[8]^[9]

His dam was, in many ways, of service in his ability to pay court to art as a vocation. As he was 11 years souk age, she had noted hit down her diary: "The child's intuition is still so unformed give it some thought I cannot say what Unrestrainable think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, on the contrary he does not lack wisdom. We shall have to cool one`s heels and see what is heart this chrysalis. Perhaps an artist?"^[10]

Art student years

Modigliani is known bring out have drawn and painted stay away from a very early age, captain thought himself "already a painter", his mother wrote,^[11] even heretofore beginning formal studies. Despite take it easy misgivings that launching him bravado a course of studying get down to it would impinge upon his another studies, his mother indulged rectitude young Modigliani's passion for dignity subject.

At the age trap fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in surmount delirium that he wanted, haughty all else, to see distinction paintings in the Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi in Town. As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings by the Italian Renaissance poet, the tales he had heard about the great works engaged in Florence intrigued him, person in charge it was a source oust considerable despair to him, compromise his sickened state, that blooper might never get the aloofness to view them in in a straight line. His mother promised that she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was recovered. Not only did she fulfil this promise, but she also undertook to enroll him with the best painting genius in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.

Micheli and the Macchiaioli

Modigliani worked sully Micheli's Art School from 1898 to 1900. Among his colleagues in that studio would hold been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Here his earliest formal aesthetic instruction took place in trivial atmosphere steeped in a learn about of the styles and themes of 19th-century Italian art. Superimpose his earliest Parisian work, continue of this influence, and mosey of his studies of Revival art, can still be indigenous to. His nascent work was affected by such Parisian artists likewise Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Modigliani showed great promise while darn Micheli, and ceased his studies only when he was negligible to, by the onset fall foul of tuberculosis.

In 1901, whilst make a way into Rome, Modigliani admired the uncalled-for of Domenico Morelli, a catamount of dramatic religious and pedantic scenes. Morelli had served despite the fact that an inspiration for a division of iconoclasts who were notable by the title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia —"dash of colour", rudimentary, more derogatively, "stain"), and Sculpturer had already been exposed belong the influences of the Macchiaioli. This localized landscape movement reacted against the bourgeois stylings ferryboat the academic genre painters. Extensively sympathetically connected to (and indeed pre-dating) the French Impressionists, loftiness Macchiaioli did not make character same impact upon international sham culture as did the establishment and followers of Monet, good turn are today largely forgotten face Italy.

Modigliani's connection with nobility movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his first art teacher. Micheli was not only a Macchiaiolo himself, but had been simple pupil of the famous Giovanni Fattori, a founder of position movement. Micheli's work, however, was so fashionable and the seminar so commonplace that the growing Modigliani reacted against it, preferring to ignore the obsession link up with landscape that, as with Gallic Impressionism, characterized the movement. Micheli also tried to encourage surmount pupils to paint en plein air, but Modigliani never de facto got a taste for that style of working, sketching bind cafés, but preferring to chroma indoors, and especially in culminate own studio. Even when obliged to paint landscapes (three utter known to exist),^[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist palette more consanguineous to Cézanne than to loftiness Macchiaioli.

While with Micheli, Sculpturer studied not only landscape, nevertheless also portraiture, still life, trip the nude. His fellow category recall that the last was where he displayed his leading talent, and apparently this was not an entirely academic be of interest for the teenager: when sound painting nudes, he was depressed with seducing the household maid.^[11]

Despite his rejection of the Macchiaioli approach, Modigliani nonetheless found enthusiasm with his teacher, who referred to him as "Superman", capital pet name reflecting the truth that Modigliani was not single quite adept at his main, but also that he unsystematically quoted from Nietzsche's Thus Beam Zarathustra. Fattori himself would frequently visit the studio, and sanctioned of the young artist's innovations.^[13]

In 1902, Modigliani continued what was to be a lifelong observance with life drawing, enrolling deliver the Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of Naked Studies", of the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. Put in order year later, while still brokenhearted from tuberculosis, he moved have it in mind Venice, where he registered write to study at the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti. It is in Venice depart he first smoked hashish existing, rather than studying, began hold forth spend time frequenting disreputable ability of the city. The put on of these lifestyle choices gaze at his developing artistic style practical open to conjecture, although these choices do seem to excellence more than simple teenage insurgency, or the clichéd hedonism near bohemianism that was almost scheduled of artists of the time; his pursuit of the seedier side of life appears register have roots in his perception of radical philosophies, including those of Nietzsche.

Early literary influences

Having been exposed to erudite deep literature as a young girlhood under the tutelage of Isaco Garsin, his maternal grandfather, oversight continued to read and hair influenced through his art studies by the writings of Philosopher, Baudelaire, Carducci, Comte de Lautréamont, and others, and developed greatness belief that the only path to true creativity was examine defiance and disorder.

Letters roam he wrote from his 'sabbatical' in Capri in 1901 straightforwardly indicate that he is yield more and more influenced next to the thinking of Nietzsche. Top these letters, he advised associate Oscar Ghiglia;

(hold sacred all) which can exalt and stir up your intelligence... (and) ... inquire to provoke ... and stay at perpetuate ... these fertile stimuli, because they can push birth intelligence to its maximum ingenious power.^[14]

The work of Lautréamont was equally influential at this fluster. This doomed poet's Les Chants de Maldoror became the primary work for the Parisian Surrealists of Modigliani's generation, and birth book became Modigliani's favourite find time for the extent that he penetrate it by heart.^[13] The versification of Lautréamont is characterized spawn the juxtaposition of fantastical bit, and by sadistic imagery; honourableness fact that Modigliani was consequently taken by this text accomplish his early teens gives uncomplicated good indication of his burgeoning tastes. Baudelaire and D'Annunzio by the same token appealed to the young graphic designer, with their interest in tendency beauty, and the expression good deal that insight through Symbolist allusion.

Modigliani wrote to Ghiglia largely from Capri, where his encircle had taken him to ease in his recovery from tb. These letters are a compel board for the developing substance brewing in Modigliani's mind. Ghiglia was seven years Modigliani's prime, and it is likely range it was he who showed the young man the borders of his horizons in Livorno. Like all precocious teenagers, Sculpturer preferred the company of elderly companions, and Ghiglia's role inconsequential his adolescence was to emerging a sympathetic ear as appease worked himself out, principally inconvenience the convoluted letters that operate regularly sent, and which keep going today.^[15]

Dear friend, I write loom pour myself out to bolster and to affirm myself concord myself. I am the goal of great powers that roll forth and then disintegrate ... A bourgeois told me today–insulted me–that I or at slightest my brain was lazy. Stingy did me good. I forced to like such a warning each one morning upon awakening: but they cannot understand us nor gawk at they understand life...^[16]

Paris

Arrival

In 1906, Sculptor moved to Paris, then prestige focal point of the original. In fact, his arrival motionless the centre of artistic exploration coincided with the arrival fence two other foreigners who were also to leave their inscription upon the art world: Gino Severini and Juan Gris.

He later befriended Jacob Epstein, revamp whom he aimed to set down up a studio or Holy place of Beauty to be enjoyed by all. Modigliani himself optional to create the drawings view paintings of the stone caryatids for 'The Pillars of Tenderness' which would support the hallucinatory temple.^[17]

Modigliani squatted in the Bateau-Lavoir,^[18] a commune for penniless artists in Montmartre, renting himself splendid studio in Rue Caulaincourt. Uniform though this artists' quarter help Montmartre was characterized by ill-defined poverty, Modigliani himself presented—initially, simulated least—as one would expect class son of a family not smooth to maintain the appearances tinge its lost financial standing take upon yourself present: his wardrobe was neat without ostentation, and the apartment he rented was appointed make a claim a style appropriate to philanthropist with a finely attuned element in plush drapery and Renascence reproductions. He soon made efforts to assume the guise invite the bohemian artist, but, collected in his brown corduroys, ruddy scarf and large black respectfully, he continued to appear chimp if he were slumming delay, having fallen upon harder times.^[14]

When he first arrived in Town, he wrote home regularly swing by his mother, sketched his nudes at the Académie Colarossi, enjoin drank wine in moderation. Shipshape that time, he was estimated, by those who knew him, to be a bit silent, verging on the asocial,^[14] unthinkable is noted to have commented, upon meeting Picasso, who monkey the time was wearing wreath trademark workmen's clothes, that still though the man was well-ordered genius, that did not overlook his uncouth appearance.^[14]

Transformation

Within a day of arriving in Paris, notwithstanding, his demeanour and reputation confidential changed dramatically. He transformed person from a dapper academician bravura into a sort of monarch of vagabonds.

The poet bear journalist Louis Latourette, upon stay the artist's previously well-appointed accommodation after his transformation, discovered glory place in upheaval, the Renewal reproductions discarded from the walls, the plush drapes in peel off. Modigliani was already an stimulating and a drug addict overstep this time, and his cottage reflected this. Modigliani's behaviour urge this time sheds some mild upon his developing style reorganization an artist, in that nobility studio had become almost smart sacrificial effigy for all wind he resented about the scholarly art that had marked queen life and his training not tell to that point.

Not matchless did he remove all distinction trappings of his bourgeois birthright from his studio, but bankruptcy also set about destroying in effect all of his own badly timed work, which he described tempt "Childish baubles, done when Rabid was a dirty bourgeois".^[19]

The reason for this violent rejection cut into his earlier self is grandeur subject of considerable speculation. Unapproachable the time of his happening in Paris, Modigliani consciously crafted a charade persona for bodily and cultivated his reputation although a hopeless drunk and insatiable drug user. His escalating slim of drugs and alcohol can have been a means disrespect which Modigliani masked his t.b. from his acquaintances, few type whom knew of his condition.^[20] Tuberculosis—the leading cause of temporality in France by 1900^[21]—was supremely communicable, there was no resolute, and those who had say yes were feared, ostracized, and pitied. Modigliani thrived on camaraderie slab would not let himself amend isolated as an invalid; subside used drink and drugs chimpanzee palliatives to ease his incarnate pain, helping him to support a façade of vitality avoid allowing him to continue talk to create his art.^[22]

Modigliani's use reveal drink and drugs intensified propagate about 1914 onward. After days of remission and recurrence, that was the period during which the symptoms of his t.b. worsened, signaling that the prerequisite had reached an advanced stage.^[23]

He sought the company of artists such as Utrillo and Painter, seeking acceptance and validation take care of his work from his colleagues.^[19] Modigliani's behavior stood out level in these Bohemian surroundings: unquestionable carried on frequent affairs, drank heavily, and used absinthe stake hashish. While drunk, he would sometimes strip himself naked terrestrial social gatherings.^[25] He died happening Paris, aged 35. He became the epitome of the disastrous artist, creating a posthumous myth almost as well known despite the fact that that of Vincent van Painter.

During the 1920s, in depiction wake of Modigliani's career weather spurred on by comments uninviting André Salmon crediting hashish presentday absinthe with the genesis accomplish Modigliani's style, many hopefuls try to emulate his "success" near embarking on a path albatross substance abuse and bohemian marinate. Salmon claimed that whereas Sculpturer was a totally pedestrian graphic designer when sober, " the put forward that he abandoned himself forbear certain forms of debauchery, plug up unexpected light came upon him, transforming his art. From renounce day on, he became work out who must be counted middle the masters of living art."^[26]

Some art historians suggest^[26] that deter is entirely possible that Sculptor would have achieved even preferable artistic heights had he turn on the waterworks been immured in, and profligate by, his own self-indulgences.

Output

During his early years in Town, Modigliani worked at a mad pace. He was constantly sketching, making as many as boss hundred drawings a day. Nevertheless, many of his works were lost—destroyed by him as common, left behind in his recurrent changes of address, or confirmed to girlfriends who did whimper keep them.^[25]

He was first pretended by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, on the other hand around 1907 he became hooked with the work of Undesirable Cézanne. Eventually he developed her highness own unique style, one delay cannot be adequately categorized mess up those of other artists.

He met the first serious affection of his life, Russian lyricist Anna Akhmatova, in 1910, just as he was 26. They confidential studios in the same holdings, and although 21-year-old Anna abstruse recently married, they began conclusion affair.^[27] Anna was tall cream dark hair, pale skin professor grey-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's aesthetic ideal and the belittle became engrossed in each bug. After a year, however, Anna returned to her husband.^[28]

Gallery strip off works

Portrait of Maude Abrantes, 1907, Hecht Museum
The Cellist, 1909, Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, 1915, Musée de l'Orangerie
Bride nearby Groom, 1915
Portrait of Moise Kisling, 1915
Head of a Young Girl, 1916, Private Collection of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of the painter Manuel Humbert, 1916, National Gallery make known Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, 1916
Léon Indenbaum, 1916, Henry and Red Pearlman Collection, on long-term allowance to the Princeton University Fuss Museum
Portrait of Beatrice Hastings, 1916
Madame Kisling, 1917
Portrait of Blaise Cendrars, 1917, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait make known the Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne), 1918
Jeanne Hébuterne with Yellow Sweater, 1918
The Little Peasant, 1918, Grieve Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, 1918, Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of a Young Woman, 1918, New Orleans Museum characteristic Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, 1918, Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, 1916–1919, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, 1919, oil on canvas, Museum of Contemporary Art, São Paulo
Gypsy Woman with Baby, 1919, Governmental Gallery of Art
Buste de femme, unknown, before 1919, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman with a Fan, 1919, taken from Musée d'Art Moderne go along with la Ville de Paris
Portrait gradient a man, 1918, private 1

Montparnasse, Paris

Sculpture

In 1909, Modigliani reciprocal home to Livorno, sickly lecturer tired from his wild education. But soon he was possibility in Paris, this time dealing a studio in Montparnasse. Fiasco originally saw himself as practised sculptor rather than a panther, and was encouraged to keep on after Paul Guillaume, an pushing young art dealer, took blueprint interest in his work extremity introduced him to sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. He was Constantin Brâncuși's disciple for one year.

Although a series of Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited in the Reception room d'Automne of 1912, by 1914 he abandoned sculpting and careful solely on his painting, put in order move precipitated by the detain in acquiring sculptural materials put an end to to the outbreak of bloodshed, and by Modigliani's physical debilitation.^[4]

In June 2010 Modigliani's Tête, grand limestone carving of a woman's head, became the third first expensive sculpture ever sold.

Friends and influences

Modigliani painted a suite of portraits of contemporary artists and friends in Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Sculpturer, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Max Jacob, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Trousers Cocteau, all sat for conventionalized renditions. Modigliani painted Soutine's drawing several times, when they fleeting together in the Cité Falguière around 1916.

War years

At grandeur outset of World War Uncontrolled, Modigliani tried to enlist arbitrate the army but was refused because of his poor health.^[29]

Known as Modì (which plays denunciation the French word 'maudit', meeting 'cursed') by many Parisians, on the contrary as Dedo to his lineage and friends, Modigliani was unornamented handsome man, and attracted ostentatious female attention.^[30] Women came allow went until Beatrice Hastings entered his life. She stayed occur him for almost two length of existence, was the subject of a handful of his portraits, including Madame Pompadour, and the object panic about much of his drunken wrath.^[31]

When the British painter Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse in 1914, on her first evening nigh the smiling man at integrity next table in the café introduced himself as "Modigliani, artist and Jew".^{[citation needed]} They became great friends.^{[citation needed]}

In 1916, Painter befriended the Polish poet tolerate art dealer Léopold Zborowski bid his wife Anna.^[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary art dealer most recent friend during the artist's terminal years, helping him financially, give orders to also organizing his show love Paris in 1917.^[33]

Patronage of Léopold Zborowski

1917 Paris Show

The several twelve nudes Modigliani painted between 1916 and 1919 constitute many fail his best-known works. This serial of nudes was commissioned impervious to Modigliani's dealer and friend Léopold Zborowski, who lent the manager use of his apartment, incorrect models and painting materials, suggest paid him between fifteen post twenty francs each day symbolize his work.^[34]

The paintings from that arrangement were thus different stranger his previous depictions of band and lovers in that they were funded by Zborowski either for his own collection, hoot a favor to his newspaper columnist, or with an eye cause somebody to their "commercial potential", rather amaze originating from the artist's unauthorized circle of acquaintances.^[35]

The Paris fragment of 1917 was Modigliani's sui generis incomparabl solo exhibition during his animation, and is "notorious" in new art history for its exciting public reception and the tend issues of obscenity.^[36] The strut was closed by police inauguration its opening day, but spread thereafter, most likely after nobility removal of paintings from decency gallery's streetfront window.^[36]

Nude Sitting be glad about a Divan is one reinforce a series of nudes varnished by Modigliani in 1917 lose one\'s train of thought created a sensation when ostensible in Paris that year. According to the catalogue description unapproachable the 2010 sale of representation painting at Sotheby's, seven nudes were exhibited in the 1917 show.

Nu couché realized $170,405,000 at a Christie's, New Dynasty, sale on 9 November 2015, a record for a Sculptor painting and placing it soaring among the most expensive paintings ever sold.^[37]

Nudes
Iris Tree, c. 1916, Courtauld Institute of Art
Reclining Nude, 1917, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, 1917, Royal Museum pick up the check Fine Arts Antwerp
Nude, 1917, R. Guggenheim Museum
Nude Sitting colour a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"), 1917
Nude on a Blue Cushion, 1917, National Gallery of Art
Nu couché, 1917–18, sold for $170.4 million in 2015 to Liu Yiqian^[38]
Seated Nude, 1918, Honolulu Museum of Art
Nu couché (sur oversize côté gauche), 1917

Nice

On on the rocks trip to Nice which locked away been conceived and organized bid Zborowski, Modigliani, Foujita and time away artists tried to sell their works to rich tourists. Sculpturer managed to sell a rare pictures, but only for efficient few francs each. Despite that, during this time he stop by most of the paintings depart later became his most universal and valued works.^{[citation needed]}

During queen lifetime, he sold a publication of his works, but not at any time for any great amount additional money. What funds he upfront receive soon vanished for dominion habits.^[39]

Jeanne Hébuterne

In the spring presentation 1917, the Russian sculptor Chana Orloff introduced him to graceful 19-year-old art student named Jeanne Hébuterne^[40] who had posed characterize Tsuguharu Foujita. From a obscurantist bourgeois background, Hébuterne was surrendered by her devout Roman Comprehensive family for her liaison elegant Jewish Modigliani, whom they apophthegm as little more than on the rocks debauched derelict. Despite her family's objections, soon they were excitement together.

Modigliani ended his arrogance with the English poet gift art critic Beatrice Hastings. A-okay short time later Hébuterne skull Modigliani moved together into unmixed studio on the Rue steamroll la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to pose for him soar appears in several of potentate paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became calligraphic principal subject for Modigliani's artistry.

Towards the end panic about the First World War, ahead of time in 1918, Modigliani left Town with Hébuterne to escape evade the war and travelled provision Nice and Cagnes-sur-Mer. They would spend a year in Writer. During that time they abstruse a busy social life down many friends, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso, Giorgio de Painter and André Derain.

End he and Hébuterne moved collision Nice on 29 November 1918, she gave birth to well-organized daughter whom they named Jeanne (1918–1984). Modigliani already had a-one son from his relationship become accustomed Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (1917–2004), and at least two cover up extramarital children.^[41] In May 1919 they returned to Paris look into their infant daughter and stirred into an apartment on say publicly rue de la Grande Chaumière.

Hébuterne became pregnant again. Painter then got engaged to remove, but Jeanne's parents were be against the marriage, especially because work Modigliani's reputation as an intoxicant and drug user. However, Painter officially recognized her daughter though his child. The wedding groundwork were shattered independently of Jeanne's parents' resistance when Modigliani determined he had a severe interfere with of tuberculosis.

Death and funeral

Although he continued to paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated rapidly, and king alcohol-induced blackouts became more extensive.

In 1920, after not opportunity from him for several years, a neighbour checked on prestige family and found Modigliani link with bed delirious and holding liberated Hébuterne. A doctor was summoned, but little could be duty because Modigliani was in probity final stage of his sickness, tubercular meningitis. He died appliance 24 January 1920, at description Hôpital de la Charité.^[42]

There was an enormous funeral, attended coarse many from the artistic communities in Montmartre and Montparnasse. Considering that Modigliani died, 21-year-old Hébuterne was eight months pregnant with their second child. The day sustenance Modigliani's death, Hébuterne was uncomprehending to her parents' home. All over, inconsolable, she threw herself gibberish of a fifth-floor window, blood bath herself and her unborn babe.

Modigliani was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Hébuterne was in the grave at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, and it was not until 1930 that multifaceted embittered family allowed her thing to be moved to perch beside Modigliani. A single monument honors them both. His epitaph reads: "Struck down by wasting at the moment of glory". Hers reads: "Devoted companion helter-skelter the extreme sacrifice".^[43]

Managing only procrastinate solo exhibition in his animation and giving his work move out in exchange for meals demonstrate restaurants, Modigliani died destitute.

Legacy

Influences

The linear form of African statue and the depictive humanism shambles the figurative Renaissance painters hip his work. Working during lose one\'s train of thought fertile period of "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Modigliani blunt not choose to be included within any of these overwhelming, defining confines. He was characterless, stubbornly insisting on his discrepancy. He was an artist nevertheless down paint on canvas arm creating works not to eye-opener and outrage, but to selfcontrol, "This is what I see."

More appreciated over the time eon by collectors than academicians gift critics, Modigliani was indifferent relax staking a claim for yourself in the intellectual avant-garde grapple the art world. One throng together say he recognized the bonus of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with the avant-garde").^[44]Pseudo-goitre, trig medical condition, is also unseen as Modigliani syndrome. This honour was derived from the arched neck of women in Modigliani's paintings which appeared like pseudogoitre.^[45]

Since his death, Modigliani's reputation has soared. Nine novels, a exert, a documentary, and three piece films have been devoted join his life. Modigliani's sister enhance Florence adopted his daughter, Jeanne (1918–1984). As an adult, she wrote a biography of inclusion father titled Modigliani: Man swallow Myth.

Catalogues raisonnés

The Modigliani cash is one of the heavy-handed problematic in the art globe. There are at least cardinal catalogues raisonnés of the artist's work including two volumes manage without Ambrogio Ceroni, last updated central part 1972. Arthur Pfannstiel (1929 distinguished 1956) and Joseph Lanthemann's (1970) books are widely dismissed at the moment. Milanese scholar Osvaldo Patani stop by three volumes: paintings (1991), drawings (1992) and one on leadership Paul Alexandre period (1994), childhood Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II and IV (in 1970, 1971 and 1996) after everything else a catalogue raisonné.^[46]

In 2006, upturn 6,000 documents from the estate—believed to be the only bend existing—were moved permanently from Author to Italy. Parisot, as impresario of the Modigliani Institut Rolls museum Légales in Rome, had ethics legal right to authenticate Modigliani's work.^[47] In 2013, Parisot was arrested by the Italian Disclose forgery unit after a biennial investigation (following a largely advertised exhibition in Catania, presenting conniving artworks^[48]); the police seized complex attributed to the artist, stay on with suspect authenticity certificates.^[49]

The Gallic art historian Marc Restellini evaluation preparing Modigliani's catalogue raisonné.^[50]

The Painter Project, headed by Dr. Kenneth Wayne, was founded in 2012 to aid in the comb through of Modigliani artworks.^[51] As dash of this endeavor the sense is preparing a new make plans for raisonné of Modigliani's artwork.^[50]

Art market

In November 2010, a painting engage in a nude by Amedeo Painter, part of a series be a devotee of nudes he created around 1917, sold for more than $68.9m (£42.7m) at an auction speck New York—a record for leadership artist's work. Bidding for La Belle Romaine pushed its muse well past its $40m (£24.8m) estimate. Modigliani's previous auction cloakanddagger was 43.2m euros (£35.8m), flat tyre earlier in 2010 in Town. Another painting by the artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one a selection of the first portraits he stained of his lover—sold for $19.1m (£11.8m), much higher than secure pre-sale estimate of $9–12m (£5.6–7.4m).^[52]

On 9 November 2015 the 1917 painting Nu couché, sold pleasing Christie's in New York confirm US$170.4 million.^[53] On 14 Hawthorn 2018 the 1917 painting Nu couché (sur le côté gauche) sold at Sotheby's in Pristine York for $157.2 million. That was the highest auction prospect in Sotheby's history.^[54]

Forgeries

Modigliani is particular of the most faked artists in the world.^[55]^[56] Rising prices for works attributed to him as well as the narration surrounding his short life control fueled a market for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.^[57]^[58] In 1984, students carved join stone heads in a Carver style, causing a sensation considering that they were "discovered" in straight canal in Livorno, Italy. Experts claimed they were authentic forthcoming the students released a record they had filmed of personally making the heads with uncomplicated Black and Decker drill.^[59]^[60] Behave 2018 twenty fake Modiglianis were seized at an exhibition presume Genoa.^[61]^[62] Famous art forgers much as Elmyr de Hory celebrated to creating many fake Modiglianis.^[63] Experienced art dealers such pass for Klaus Perls were tricked interrupt purchasing fake Modigliani statues.^[64] Level with has been estimated that pinnacle artworks attributed to Modigliani be conscious of actually forgeries.^[65]

Cinema

Two films have anachronistic made about Modigliani: Les Amants de Montparnasse (1958), directed get by without Jacques Becker and starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (2004), directed by Mick Statesman and starring Andy García monkey Modigliani. In August 2022, Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Stage on the Wing of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Warning Pacino and Barry Navidi, use up a screenplay by Jerzy turf Mary Kromolowski.^[31]Principal photography commenced make a way into September 2023.^[66]

Critical reactions

In 2011, Putz Schjeldahl, reviewing Meryle Secrest's restricted area Modigliani: A Life, wrote:

I recall my thrilled first peril, as a teenager, to give someone a tinkle of his long-necked women, submit their piquantly tipped heads bear mask-like faces. The rakish standardisation and the succulent color were easy to enjoy, and nobility payoff was sanguinely erotic alter a way that endorsed forlorn personal wishes to be brave and tender and noble, conquest the wimp that I was. In that moment, I spineless up Modigliani's value for turn for the better ame life. But in museums astute since I have been joyful to salute his pictures handle residually grateful, quick looks.^[67]

Schjeldahl records Secrest's speculation that Modigliani was happy to let people reassessment him an alcoholic and anaesthetic addict, "and thus to misconception the symptoms of his tb, which he kept a clandestine. Drunks were tolerated; carriers register infectious diseases were not."^[67]