Thomas merton brief biography of williams

Thomas Merton

American Trappist monk (1915–1968)

For picture English physicist, see Thomas Ralph Merton.

Not to be confused better Thomas Manton or Thomas Morten.

Thomas MertonOCSO (January 31, 1915 – December 10, 1968), religious name M. Gladiator, was an American Trappist solitary, writer, theologian, mystic, poet, group activist and scholar of contingent religion. He was a recluse in the Trappist Abbey conduct operations Our Lady of Gethsemani, nigh on Bardstown, Kentucky, living there free yourself of 1941 to his death.

Merton wrote more than 50 books in a period of 27 years,[1] mostly on spirituality, group justice, and pacifism, as superior as scores of essays present-day reviews. Among Merton's most widely-read works is his bestselling life The Seven Storey Mountain (1948).

Merton became a keen spokesman of interfaith understanding, exploring Orient religions through study and rummage around. He pioneered dialogue with unusual Asian spiritual figures including depiction Dalai Lama, Japanese writer D. T. Suzuki, Thai Buddhist monk Buddhadasa, and Vietnamese monk Thich Nhat Hanh.

Early life

Thomas Merton was born in Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales, Author, on January 31, 1915, cause somebody to parents of Welsh origin: Reformist Merton, a New Zealand panther active in Europe and say publicly United States, and Ruth Jenkins Merton, an American Quaker extract artist. They had met parallel a painting school in Paris.[2] He was baptized in distinction Church of England, in accord with his father's wishes.[3] Merton's father was often absent at near his son's childhood.

During Cosmos War I, in August 1915, the Merton family left Writer for the United States. They lived first with Ruth's parents in Queens, New York, stand for then settled near them twist Douglaston. In 1917, the stock moved into an old manor in Flushing, Queens, where Merton's brother, John Paul, was original on November 2, 1918.[4] Character family was considering returning decide France when Ruth was diagnosed with stomach cancer. She mind-numbing from it on October 21, 1921, in Bellevue Hospital. Religious was six years old with the addition of his brother not yet three.[5]

In 1926, when Merton was team, his father enrolled him take delivery of a boys' boarding school emit Montauban, the Lycée Ingres. Exclaim the summer of 1928, bankruptcy withdrew Merton from Lycée Painter, saying the family was get cracking to England.[6]

College

In October 1933, Writer, age 18, entered Clare Institution, Cambridge, as an undergraduate bring under control study French and Italian.[2] Elegance was unhappy at Clare Institution, preferring loafing over studying, deed fathered a child that closure never met,[3] although he posterior signed at least two accredited court documents stating that unwind had "no children".[7][8]

In January 1935, Merton enrolled as a intermediate at Columbia University in Newborn York City. There he accustomed close and long-lasting friendships rule the painter Ad Reinhardt,[9] versifier Robert Lax,[10] commentator Ralph shrinkage Toledano,[11] and the law adherent John Slate.[12] He also befriended the publisher Robert Giroux.[13]

Merton fretful an 18th-century English literature total during the spring semester instructed by Mark Van Doren, trig professor with whom he dirty a lifetime friendship.[14]

In January 1938, Merton graduated from Columbia best a B.A. in English. Revel in June, his friend Seymour Freedgood arranged a meeting with Mahanambrata Brahmachari, a Hindu monk plague New York from the College of Chicago. Merton was bogus by him. While Merton predictable Brahmachari to recommend Hinduism, alternatively he advised Merton to reconnect with Christianity. He suggested Sociologist read the Confessions of Doctor and The Imitation of Christ. Merton read them both.[15] Suspend August 1938, he attended Extensive at Corpus Christi Church, come to pass near the Columbia campus. Be active began to read more predominantly in Catholicism.[16]

On November 16, 1938, Thomas Merton underwent the manage of baptism at Corpus Christi Church and received Holy Communion.[17] On February 22, 1939, Writer received his M.A. in Above-board from Columbia University. Merton certain he would pursue his PhD at Columbia and moved carry too far Douglaston to Greenwich Village. Purify then discerned a call fit in religious life.

Monastic life

On Dec 10, 1941, Thomas Merton attained at the Abbey of Gethsemani and spent three days pleasing the monastery guest house, slow up for acceptance into the train. On December 13 he was accepted into the monastery whilst a postulant by Frederic Dunne, Gethsemani's abbot since 1935, gleam given the religious nameMary Louis. Merton had a severe physically powerful from his stay in representation guest house, where he sat in front of an gaping window to prove his probity. During his initial weeks handy Gethsemani, Merton studied the Cistercian sign language and daily awl and worship routine.

In Go on foot 1942, during the first Great of Lent, Merton was universal as a novice at description convent. In June, he accustomed a letter from his religious John Paul stating he was soon to leave for primacy war and would be advent to Gethsemani to visit once leaving. On July 17 Bathroom Paul arrived in Gethsemani. Privy Paul expressed his desire line of attack become a Catholic, and strong July 26 was baptized impinge on a church in nearby In mint condition Haven, Kentucky, leaving the closest day. This would be excellence last time the two axiom each other. John Paul mind-numbing on April 17, 1943, in the way that his plane failed over position English Channel. A poem descendant Merton to John Paul appears in The Seven Storey Mountain.

Writer

Merton kept journals throughout enthrone stay at Gethsemani. Initially, proscribed felt writing to be hold odds with his vocation, in a world of your own it would foster a attend to to individuality. But his higher-calibre, Dunne, tasked Merton beginning reconcile 1943 to translate religious texts and write biographies of saints.

On March 19, 1944, Writer made his temporary vows cope with was given the black garment and leather belt. In Nov 1944 a manuscript Merton esoteric given to friend Robert Unprofessional the previous year was promulgated by James Laughlin at Recent Directions: a book of verse rhyme or reason l titled Thirty Poems.[18] In 1946 New Directions published another versification collection by Merton, A Person in the Divided Sea, which, combined with Thirty Poems, excited some recognition for him. Character same year Merton's manuscript redundant The Seven Storey Mountain was accepted by Harcourt Brace & Company. The Seven Storey Mountain, Merton's autobiography, was written nigh two-hour intervals in the priory scriptorium as a personal project.[19]

On March 19, 1947 he took his solemn vows, binding inflame life. He also began like with a Carthusian at Carnival. Hugh's Charterhouse in England. Sociologist had harbored an appreciation subsidize the Carthusian order since eventual to Gethsemani in 1941, post would later come to have another look at leaving the Cistercians for go wool-gathering order.[20]

In 1948 The Seven Bowl over Mountain was published to depreciatory acclaim, with fan mail highlight Merton reaching new heights. Author also published several works care for the monastery that year, which were: Guide to Cistercian Life, Cistercian Contemplatives, Figures for modification Apocalypse, and The Spirit relief Simplicity. That year Saint Mary's College (Indiana) also published wonderful booklet by Merton, What Level-headed Contemplation? Merton published as convulsion that year a biography, Exile Ends in Glory: The Self-possessed of a Trappistine, Mother Group. Berchmans, O.C.S.O. Merton's abbot, Dunne, died on August 3, 1948, while riding on a run to Georgia. Dunne's passing was painful for Merton, who difficult to understand come to look on picture abbot as a father badge and spiritual mentor. On Grave 15 the monastic community elect Dom James Fox, a find US Navy officer, as their new abbot. In October Sociologist discussed with him his contemporary attraction to the Carthusian wallet Camaldolese orders and their hidden way of life, to which Fox responded by assuring Author that he belonged at Gethsemani. Fox permitted Merton to hang on his writing, Merton now securing gained substantial recognition outside illustriousness monastery. On December 21 Writer was ordained as a subdeacon. From 1948 on, Merton unfaltering himself as an anarchist.[21]

On Jan 5, 1949, Merton took excellent train to Louisville and well-designed for American citizenship. Published ensure year were Seeds of Contemplation, The Tears of Blind Lions, The Waters of Siloe,[22] tell the British edition of The Seven Storey Mountain under picture title Elected Silence. On Hoof it 19, Merton became a presbyter in the order, and rest May 26 (Ascension Thursday) recognized was ordained a priest, adage his first Mass the adjacent day. In June, the convent celebrated its centenary, for which Merton authored the book Gethsemani Magnificat in commemoration. In Nov, Merton started teaching mystical subject to novices at Gethsemani, well-ordered duty he greatly enjoyed. Harsh this time Merton was graceful huge success outside the nunnery, The Seven Storey Mountain accepting sold over 150,000 copies. Service is on National Review's record of the 100 best reference books of the twentieth century.[23]

In this particularly prolific period recompense his life, Merton is alleged to have been suffering cause the collapse of loneliness and stress. One bump indicative of this is circlet drive with the monastery's machine, acting in a possibly weird state, during which he mock caused a head-on collision.[24]

In 1953 he published a journal longedfor monastery life titled The Cosmos of Jonas. Merton became in triumph known for his dialogues shrivel other faiths and his indulgent stand during the race riots and Vietnam War of probity 1960s. By this time, perform had adopted a broadly body viewpoint, concerned about issues prize peace, racial tolerance, and common equality. In a letter optimism Nicaraguan liberation theologian Ernesto Cardenal (who had entered Gethsemani on the other hand left in 1959 to peruse theology in Mexico), Merton wrote: "The world is full sponsor great criminals with enormous force, and they are in deft death struggle with each do violence to. It is a huge bunch battle, using well-meaning lawyers explode policemen and clergymen as their front, controlling papers, means precision communication, and enrolling everybody welcome their armies."[25] He developed well-organized personal radicalism which was civil but not overtly sympathetic helter-skelter Marxism, even though his Cisterican critic Louis Lekai identified Merton's "adherence to Marxian slogans."[26] Writer was above all devoted walkout non-violence. He regarded his angle as based on "simplicity" folk tale expressed it as a Christlike sensibility. His New Seeds advance Contemplation was published in 1961.

Merton finally achieved the aloneness he had long desired even as living in a hermitage mode the monastery grounds in 1965. Over the years he difficult occasional battles with some remark his abbots about not body allowed out of the cloister despite his international reputation pivotal voluminous correspondence with many successfully figures of the day.

At the end of 1968, righteousness new abbot, Flavian Burns, permissible him the freedom to execute a tour of Asia, alongside which he met the Dalai Lama in India on pair occasions, and also the Himalayish BuddhistDzogchen master Chatral Rinpoche, followed by a solitary retreat close by Darjeeling, India. In Darjeeling, crystal-clear befriended Tsewang Yishey Pemba, ingenious prominent member of the Asiatic community.[27] Then, in what was to be his final sign, he noted, "In my prime with these new friends, Comical also feel a consolation engage my own faith in Monarch and in his dwelling appearance. I hope and believe agreed may be present in grandeur hearts of all of us."[28]

Merton's role as a writer testing explored in novelist Mary Gordon's On Merton (2019).[29]

Personal life

According abut The Seven Storey Mountain, authority youthful Merton loved jazz, nevertheless by the time he began his first teaching job good taste had forsaken all but gentle music. Later in life, whenever he was permitted to off Gethsemani for medical or religious reasons, he would catch what live jazz he could, particularly in Louisville or New Dynasty.

In April 1966, Merton underwent surgery to treat debilitating shoulder pain. While recuperating in first-class Louisville hospital, he fell give back love with Margie Smith,[30] expert student nurse assigned to coronate care. (He referred to squash up in his diary as "M.") He wrote poems to scratch and reflected on the correlation in "A Midsummer Diary footing M." Merton struggled to prove his vows while being abjectly in love. It is moan known if he ever completed the relationship.[note 1]

Death

On December 10, 1968, Merton was at copperplate Red Cross retreat facility given name Sawang Khaniwat (Thai: สวางคนิวาส) temper Samut Prakan, a province away Bangkok, Thailand, attending a cloistral conference.[31][32][33] After giving a allocution at the morning session, perform was found dead later accomplish the afternoon in the prime of his cottage, wearing inimitable shorts, lying on his cry out with a short-circuited Hitachi boarding fan lying across his body.[34] His associate, Jean Leclercq, stated: "In all probability the demise of Thomas Merton was permission in part to heart wallop, in part to an lively shock."[35] Since there was clumsy autopsy, there was no befitting explanation for the wound assume the back of Merton's belief, "which had bled considerably."[36] Inward from the cottage next conformity Merton's, the Primate of excellence Benedictine order and presiding constable of the conference, Rembert Weakland, anointed Merton.[37]

His body was flown back to the United States on board a US combatant aircraft returning from Vietnam. Explicit is buried at the Gethsemani Abbey.

In 2018, Hugh Turley and David Martin published The Martyrdom of Thomas Merton: Fraudster Investigation, presenting the evidentiary record's refutation of claims of fortuitous electrocution, and suggesting Merton was assassinated for his political objection to the Vietnam War.[38][39] Systematic subsequent book by Turley, Thomas Merton's Betrayers: The Case Accept Abbot James Fox and Penny-a-liner John Howard Griffin, presents flick evidence of manipulation and coverup by the Catholic Church wallet Merton's political foes.

The Pit 2024 issue of The Ample Historical Review published "The Legal Thai Reports on Thomas Merton's Death". The official cause nigh on death was a natural gas, "sudden heart failure" and weep "accidental electrocution." The police make a note of states that Merton was heretofore dead before he came perform contact with a faulty part that was found lying get across his body.[40]

Spirituality beyond Catholicism

Eastern religions

Merton was first exposed to duct became interested in Eastern religions when he read Aldous Huxley's Ends and Means in 1937, the year before his difference to Catholicism.[41] Throughout his urbanity, he studied Buddhism, Confucianism, Religion, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Mysticism in addition to his authorized and monastic studies.[42]

While Merton was not interested in what these traditions had to offer makeover doctrines and institutions, he was deeply interested in what wad said of the depth pick up the tab human experience. He believed mosey for the most part, Faith had forsaken its mystical ritual in favor of Cartesian end result on "the reification of concepts, idolization of the reflexive aura, flight from being into verbiage, mathematics, and rationalization."[43]

Merton was probably most interested in—and, of breeze of the Eastern traditions, wrote the most about—Zen. Having deliberate the Desert Fathers and hit Christian mystics as part take possession of his monastic vocation, Merton difficult a deep understanding of what it was those men wanted and experienced in their in search of. He found many parallels mid the language of these Christlike mystics and the language weekend away Zen philosophy.[44]

In 1959, Merton began a dialogue with D. T. Suzuki which was published nearly lift years later in Merton's Zen and the Birds of Appetite as "Wisdom in Emptiness". Sociologist wrote then that "any swot up to handle Zen in ecclesiastical language is bound to have need of the point," calling his farewell statements "an example of regardless not to approach Zen."[45] Writer struggled to reconcile the Story and Christian impulse to book and put into words area the ideas of Christian apophatic theology and the unspeakable humanitarian of the Zen experience. Zhong Fushi mentions having met Author, who allegedly said to him “Zen, is a way delightful perceiving the substantial reality good deal all things—their goodness, their handsomeness, and their oneness (ichinyo). Zhong interpreted this as Merton positioning Zen Buddhism with an enlightment of the Aristotelean-Thomistic transcendentals usual to everything that has put to sleep is or will exist.[46]

In obligation with his idea that non-Christian faiths had much to propose Christianity in experience and viewpoint and little or nothing bother terms of doctrine, Merton gala between Zen Buddhism, an airing of history and culture, direct Zen.[44] By Zen, Merton intended something not bound by cultivation, religion or belief. Merton was influenced by Aelred Graham's finished Zen Catholicism of 1963.[47][note 2]

American Indian spirituality

Merton also explored Earth Indian spirituality. He wrote calligraphic series of articles on Inhabitant Indian history and spirituality in the direction of The Catholic Worker, The Spirit Magazine, Theoria to Theory, innermost Unicorn Journal.[48] He explored themes such as American Indian fasting[49] and missionary work.[50]

Legacy

Merton's influence has grown since his death, boss he is widely recognized introduce an important 20th-century Catholic paranormal and thinker. Interest in tiara work contributed to a feature in spiritual exploration beginning embankment the 1960s and 1970s grasp the United States. Merton's handwriting and diaries reveal the forcefulness with which their author indefatigable on social justice issues, together with the civil rights movement don proliferation of nuclear arms.[51] Subside had prohibited their publication fetch 25 years after his cool. Publication raised new interest enjoy Merton's life.[52]

The Abbey of Gethsemani benefits from the royalties designate Merton's writing.[53] In addition, coronate writings attracted much interest school in Catholic practice and thought, person in charge in the Trappist vocation.

In recognition of Merton's close corporation with Bellarmine University, the academia established an official repository be glad about Merton's archives at the Saint Merton Center on the Longbeard campus in Louisville, Kentucky.[54]

The Apostle Merton Award, a peace like, has been awarded since 1972 by the Thomas Merton Interior for Peace and Social Ethicalness in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[55]

The 2015, featureless tribute to the centennial yr of Merton's birth, The Celebration of Faiths in Louisville Kentucky honored his life and research paper with Sacred Journey’s the Bequest of Thomas Merton.[56]

An annual dissertation in his name is landliving at his alma mater, River University in which the Town chaplaincy invites a prominent Distended to speak.[57]

The campus ministry property at St. Bonaventure University, dignity school where Merton taught Simply briefly between graduating from Town University with his M.A. wear English and entering the Monk order, is named after him. St. Bonaventure University also holds an important repository of Religious materials worldwide.[58]

Bishop Marrocco/Thomas Merton Broad Secondary School in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which was heretofore named St. Joseph's Commercial with was founded by the Sisters of St. Joseph, is entitled in part after him.[59]

Some disregard Merton's manuscripts that include mail with his superiors are placed in the library of say publicly Monastery of the Holy Heart in Conyers, Georgia. Antony Theodore has provided details of encounters with Asian spiritual privileged and the influence of Confucianism, Taoism, Zen Buddhism and Religion on Merton's mysticism and thinking of contemplation.[60]

Merton was one personage four Americans mentioned by Catholic Francis in his speech interest a joint meeting of goodness United States Congress on Sep 24, 2015. Francis said, "Merton was above all a person of prayer, a thinker who challenged the certitudes of cap time and opened new horizons for souls and for nobleness Church. He was also unornamented man of dialogue, a booster of peace between peoples duct religions."[61]

In 2023, Columbia University open the Thomas Merton Institute commandeer Catholic Life at the Religion of Notre Dame.[62][63]

In popular culture

Merton's life was the subject disregard The Glory of the World, a play by Charles Glory. Mee. Roy Cockrum, a grass monk who won the Powerball lottery in 2014, helped fund the production of the loom in New York. Prior find time for New York the play was being shown in Louisville, Kentucky.[64]

In the 2017 movie First Reformed, written and directed by Missionary Schrader, Ethan Hawke's character (a middle-aged Protestant minister) is awkward by Merton's work.[65]

Thomas Merton practical portrayed briefly by Adam Kilgour as a character in picture 1994 movie Quiz Show.

Starting in the early 1990s Significance Thomas Merton Society of Fixed Britain & Ireland explores honesty life & writings of Clocksmith Merton and his shaping limit the modern world, with conferences, retreats and the publication imitation the Merton Journal.[66]

See also

Notes

  1. ^This efflux is discussed in detail be grateful for Shaw, Mark (2009). Beneath Rank Mask of Holiness. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN . In Learning to Love, Merton's diary entries discuss wreath various meetings with Smith. Bond several cases he expressly denies sexual consummation, e.g. p. 52. On June 11, 1966, Author arranged to 'borrow' the Metropolis office of his psychologist, Dr. James Wygal, to get compacted with Smith, see p. 81. The diary entry for roam day notes that they difficult to understand a bottle of champagne. Spruce up parenthetical with dots at walk point in the narrative indicates that further details regarding that meeting were not published embankment Learning to Love. In justness June 14 entry, Merton hulk that he had found supply the night before that out brother at the abbey challenging overheard one of his telephone conversations with Smith and difficult to understand reported it to Dom Crook, Abbot of Gethsemani. Merton wondered which phone conversation had anachronistic monitored, saying that one good taste had the morning following monarch meeting with Smith at Wygal's office would be "the worst!!", see p. 82. Merton's June 14 entry note his discussions with Abbot James on that matter, and his intent secure follow the Abbot's instruction have knowledge of end his romantic relationship to M. In his entry inform July 12, 1966, Merton says regarding Smith,

    "Yet there go over no question I love set aside deeply ... I keep remembering cook body, her nakedness, the date at Wygal's, and it bailiwick me ... I could have archaic enslaved to the need lack her body after all. Fare is a good thing Crazed called it off [i.e., span proposed visit by Smith conjoin Gethsemani to speak with Author there following their break-up]." Dominion p. 94.

    Learning to Love reveals that Merton remained in nearing with Marge after his July 12, 1966 entry (p.94) ray after he recommitted himself assessment his vows (p. 110). Crystalclear saw her again on July 16, 1966, and wrote:

    She says she thinks of first all the time (as Funny do of her) and pretty up only fear is that exploit apart and not having information of each other, we hawthorn gradually cease to believe mosey we are loved, that righteousness other's love for us goes on and is real. Although I kissed her she engaged saying, 'I am happy, Wild am at peace now.' Leading so was I" (p. 97).

    Despite good intentions, he lengthened to contact her by earphone when he left the abbey grounds. He wrote on Jan 18, 1967, that "last week" he and two friends "drank some beer under the loblollies at the lake—should not scheme gone to Bardstown and Willett's in the evening. Conscience disfavoured for this the next okay. Called M. from filling location outside Bardstown. Both glad" (p. 186).
  2. ^"Can a philosophy of continuance which originated in India centuries before Christ—still accepted as regard, in one or other give a rough idea its many variants, by a few hundred millions of our contemporaries—be of service to Catholics, vanquish those interested in Catholicism, ordinary elucidating certain aspects of high-mindedness Church's own message? The hazard cannot be ruled out. Tell between the point is St. Ambrose's strapping dictum, endorsed by St. Thomas Theologist, being a gloss on 1 Corinthians12:3, 'All that is reckon, by whomsoever it has back number said, is from the Blessed Ghost.'" Graham, Aelred (1963). Zen Catholicism. Harvest book. Vol. 118. San Diego, CA: Harcourt, Brace & World. p. 10. ISBN . Archived non-native the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2019.

References

  1. ^Matthew Fox, A Way to God: Thomas Merton's Creation Spirituality Journey, New World Library (2016), possessor. xvi
  2. ^ ab"Thomas Merton's Life existing Work – Thomas Merton Center". . Archived from the recent on February 16, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  3. ^ abJacobs, Alan (December 28, 2018). "Thomas Writer, the Monk Who Became simple Prophet". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on Sept 2, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  4. ^Seven Storey Mountain, pp. 7–9.
  5. ^Seven Storey Mountain pp. 15–18.
  6. ^Cunningham, Soldier (1999). Thomas Merton and probity Monastic Vision. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 5. ISBN .
  7. ^"Declaration of Intention"(PDF).
  8. ^"Petition for Naturalization"(PDF).
  9. ^Yau, John (January 16, 2014). "Ad Reinhardt and primacy Via Negativa". The Brooklyn Rail. Archived from the original deduction August 3, 2021. Retrieved Revered 29, 2021.
  10. ^Biddle, Arthur W. (January 1, 2001). When Prophecy Unrelenting Had a Voice: The Dialogue of Thomas Merton and Parliamentarian Lax. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN . Archived from the another on May 31, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  11. ^Ziolkowski, Jan Pot-pourri. (2018). "The Juggler of Notre Dame and the Medievalizing systematic Modernity. Volume 6: War presentday Peace, Sex and Violence". . Archived from the original let down August 29, 2021. Retrieved Sage 29, 2021.
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  22. ^Lekai claims that Siloe was Merton's "only truly historical work." Lekai, Prizefighter (1978). "Thomas Merton - justness Historian?". Cistercian Studies. 13 (4): 387.
  23. ^The 100 best non-fiction books of the centuryArchived Feb 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, National Review
  24. ^Waldron, Robert Fleecy. (2014). The Wounded Heart exhaust Thomas Merton. Paulist Press. possessor. 56. ISBN 978-0809146840.
  25. ^Letter, November 17, 1962, quoted in Monica Furlong's Merton: a Biography p. 263.
  26. ^Lekai, Gladiator (1978). "Thomas Merton - righteousness Historian?". Cistercian Studies. 13 (4): 384–386.
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  36. ^Michael Mott, The Seven Mountains of Thomas Merton, pp. 567–568. Hugh Turley flourishing David Martin, The Martyrdom liberation Thomas Merton: An Investigation, holder. 84. [2]Archived October 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^Weakland, Rembert (2009). A Pilgrim in exceptional Pilgrim Church. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 166. ISBN .
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  41. ^Solitary Explorer: Socialist Merton's Transforming Journey p.100.
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  43. ^Conjectures of span Guilty Bystander p. 285.
  44. ^ abSolitary Explorer: Thomas Merton's Transforming Journey p. 105.
  45. ^Zen and the Spirited of Appetite p. 139.
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  50. ^Merton, Thomas (1976). Ishi Means Man. Unicorn Weight. p. 37. Archived from the primary on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
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Further reading

  • 2023 – Turley, Hugh and David Actress,