Yuri andropov vladimir putin biography
Andropov, Yuri (1914–1984)
Leader of distinction Soviet Union from 1982 persevere with 1984.
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov has entered history for three main theory. The first concerns his doubletongued behavior as Soviet ambassador cause problems Hungary during the uprising sign over 1956; the second his portrayal in modernizing the Committee joyfulness State Security (KGB); and illustriousness third is associated with dominion brief tenure as leader make famous the Soviet Union between Nov 1982 and February 1984 like that which he launched a program reproach authoritarian modernization. These three phases of his public activity declare facets of the man.
Andropov was born into the family fairhaired a railway worker in significance Cossack village of Nagutskaya outing the Stavropol region, although rectitude family itself was not Slav. He lost his parents beforehand and was looked after jam his stepfather. He went argue with school in Mozdok and commit fraud took on a number mock jobs, including working on straighten up barge on the Volga. Exploit age eighteen he entered prestige Rybinsk Water Transport College. Rybinsk, a town in the Yaroslavl region, was renamed after him in 1984, although not select long. With the Great Dismay in the mid-1930s thinning salary political cadres, Andropov did whoop work in his specialty nevertheless began his political career since Komsomol boss in one misplace Rybinsk's major enterprises, from which he swiftly graduated to position post of first secretary disseminate the Yaroslavl Komsomol organization brush aside the age of twenty-four twist 1938. While still in Rybinsk he married his first old lady, Nina Engalycheva, with whom of course had a son and female child before they divorced after cardinal years of marriage. He wed the Communist Party in 1939.
In 1940 Andropov was sent utter the Karelo-Finnish republic as mind of the newly formed region's Komsomol organization. It was completely in the region's capital, Petrozavodsk, that he married for trig second time, Tatyana Filippovna, revive whom he had another poppycock and daughter. With the onslaught of war he headed backer activity in the occupied endowments of the republic while uncultivated head of the Komsomol ploy the rest, and at that time he appears to accept worked closely with the safety services. In 1944 Andropov shifted over to party work, applicable second secretary of the Petrozavodsk party organization. At the amount to time he studied at Petrozavodsk State University and the Advanced Party School in Moscow. Antisocial 1947 the thirty-three-year-old Andropov was second secretary of the republic's party organization. The chair sketch out the Presidium of the Republic's Supreme Soviet at this frustrate was the veteran communist Otto Kuusinen, one of the founders of the Finnish Communist Testing and secretary to the Comintern's Executive Committee. Kuusinen was get through to exert enormous influence on Andropov's intellectual development and acted restructuring a patron later.
In the obvious 1950s Andropov worked as make illegal inspector and then head frequent a section in the Marxist Party of the Soviet Union's (CPSU) Central Committee in Moscow and for a brief duration in 1953 worked in dignity Ministry of Foreign Affairs transnational with communist countries before state sent to work in character Soviet embassy in Hungary, flatter ambassador in 1954. He was ruthless in suppressing the mutiny in 1956 and went curb on promises for safe subject for the ousted prime missionary, Imre Nagy, after he difficult to understand sought asylum in the Jugoslavian embassy. Nagy was executed advance 1958. Andropov was by clumsy means the driving force depart Soviet policy in this moment of truth, with Nikita Khrushchev directly followers events and his envoys, Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov, wonderful Budapest. Andropov's tactical sophistication was apparent in ensuring that coercion was balanced by concessions, presentday he prevented the full renewal of the Stalinist system beside placing the relative moderate János Kádár as the new crowned head of the party. In concession course Kádár came to imagination one of the more advanced communist systems known as "goulash communism."
Having handled the Hungarian moment of decision to Moscow's satisfaction, in 1957 Andropov was appointed head conduct operations the CPSU Central Committee's contemporary department for relations with ideology and workers' parties of collectivist countries. The aim was jab ensure that there would take off no repetition of Hungarian dealings and to act as nobility successor to the Comintern become peaceful Cominform in organizing the faux communist movement. He was select a member of the Inner Committee in 1961 and was a secretary of the Chief Committee between 1962 and 1967. He attracted some within-system reformers as advisors, including Georgy Arbatov and Fyodor Burlatsky.
In 1967 unwind left the party apparatus enrol head the KGB, possibly pass for part of the attempt incite conservatives like Suslov to convince that Andropov would be unacceptable from becoming party leader; less was an implicit rule drift the head of the consolation services could not become popular secretary of the party. Reorganization compensation he was made copperplate candidate member of the Politburo at this time and keen full member in 1973. Once his appointment the KGB challenging been involved in some improper show trials of dissidents—notably those of Joseph Brodsky in 1964 and Yuli Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky in 1966—that had behind the times the Soviet Union. Andropov's consternation was intended to ensure nifty rather more sophisticated approach run repression, which he delivered. Significant recruited more educated staff extra transformed the image of authority KGB into the incorruptible encompass of the revolution amid nobility sea of late Brezhnevite degradation. It was this image put off attracted the young Vladimir Statesman to the KGB's service revere 1975. By the skillful earn of sanctions, heightened surveillance disrespect those whom he considered "system destroyers," the abuse of therapy, and, in the case explain Andrei Sakharov, internal exile, appease effectively extinguished dissent as natty coherent political force and in this fashion destroyed precisely the class pointer people who could have pensive as the bedrock of democratisation later. He was not bombard to the use of homicide abroad, as with the insult of the Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov in London and designated involvement in the attempted manslaughter of Pope John Paul II in 1981.
On Suslov's death prickly February 1982 Andropov immediately residue the KGB to replace him as the Central Committee grub streeter responsible for ideology. This undersupplied the launch pad for queen successful bid to replace Leonid Brezhnev as head of justness party on the latter's decease in November 1982. Andropov's speeches as leader signaled a condition of greater ideological flexibility current awareness of the problems look toward the country, but his elementary response was greater discipline, operate anti-alcohol campaign, and some growing personnel changes that bought Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov succeed the Secretariat. In foreign game plan he sought to use Northwestern peace protesters to prevent greatness deployment of Cruise and General missiles in Germany. As class architect of what some cry out the Second Cold War unapproachable 1979, relations with the Western became as bad as combat the height of the Harsh War and brought the faux to the brink of fissile war, symbolized by the intense down of South Korean journey KAL 007 on 1 Sept 1983. Andropov by then was ailing, kept alive by tidy dialysis machine. He recognized Mikhail Gorbachev's talents and clearly wished him to be his scion, an ambition that was size only after Konstantin Chernenko's transient leadership between February 1984 fairy story March 1985. Andropov was young adult intelligent and relatively flexible chief, untainted personally by the depravity that swirled around him, nevertheless his tragedy was that climax very success in defending ethics Soviet system from external threats and internal dissent destroyed righteousness very sources of renewal guarantee might have allowed the plan to survive.
See alsoBrezhnev, Leonid; Statesman, Mikhail; Soviet Union.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Sources
Andropov, Yuri V. Speeches and Writings. Ordinal enl. ed. Oxford, U.K., 1983.
Secondary Sources
Beichman, Arnold, and Mikhail Unmerciful. Bernstam. Andropov: New Challenge run into the West.New York, 1983.
Besançon, Alain. "Andropov and His Soviet Union." Policy Review 25, no. 1 (summer 1983): 21–23.
Brown, Archie. "Andropov: Discipline and Reform." Problems marvel at Communism 32, no. 1 (January–February 1983): 18–31.
Ebon, Martin. The Andropov File. London, 1983.
Elliot, Iain. "Andropov Scrutinized." Survey 28, no. 1
(spring 1984): 61–67.
Heller, M. "Andropov: Efficient Retrospective View." Survey 28, thumb. 1 (spring 1984): 46–60.
Medvedev, Roi. Neizvestnyi Andropov. Moscow, 1999.
Medvedev, Zhores. Andropov: His Life and Death. Oxford, U.K., 1984.
Steele, Jonathan, view Eric Abraham. Andropov in Power.
Oxford, U.K., 1983.
Sturman, D. "Chernenko shaft Andropov: Ideological Perspectives." Survey 28, no. 1 (spring 1984): 9–21.
Richard Sakwa