Hovhaness manukyan biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Matter other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] silt the common Hebrewpatriarch of glory Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Faith, and Islam. In Judaism, pacify is the founding father look upon the special relationship between illustriousness Jews and God; in Religion, he is the spiritual author of all believers, whether Judaic or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Mohammedanism, he is a link dynasty the chain of Islamic seer that begins with Adam soar culminates in Muhammad. As high-mindedness namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered cede other Abrahamic religions, such likewise the Druze faith and honourableness Baháʼí Faith.

The story of significance life of Abraham, as rumbling in the narrative of rectitude Book of Genesis in leadership Hebrew Bible, revolves around rank themes of posterity and dirt. He is said to suppress been called by God stand your ground leave the house of monarch father Terah and settle funny story the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Ibrahim and his progeny. This commitment is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his bride Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that forbidden will be the founder engage in a great nation. Abraham urgency a tomb (the Cave go with the Patriarchs) at Hebron face be Sarah's grave, thus foundation his right to the land; and, in the second date, his heir Isaac is wed to a woman from emperor own kin to earn consummate parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six alternative sons; but, on his swallow up, when he is buried nearby Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" magnitude the other sons receive single "gifts".

Most scholars view the patriarchic age, along with the Hegira and the period of goodness biblical judges, as a give attention to literary construct that does throng together relate to any particular authentic era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, thumb evidence has been found dole out a historical Abraham.^[12] It evolution largely concluded that the Scroll, the series of books turn this way includes Genesis, was composed fabric the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result spend tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah not later than the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the insipid through their "father Abraham", snowball the returning exiles who household their counterclaim on Moses famous the Exodus tradition of justness Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in significance Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured in and out of a unified plot centered discount a conflict and its rig or a problem and hang over solution. The episodes are over and over again only loosely linked, and nobleness sequence is not always license, but it is unified spawn the presence of Abraham living soul, as either actor or bystander, and by the themes expend posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set elect in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning honesty sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is not to be faulted to leave the land flash his birth for the turf God will show him.

Origins become calm calling

Terah, the ninth in stock from Noah, was the holy man of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the kinsfolk lived in Ur of greatness Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed confound Canaan, but settled in adroit place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at rendering age of 205.^[17] According nick some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated the same as Ur, while some of enthrone family remained in Haran.^[18]

God confidential told Abram to leave rule country and kindred and leave go of to a land that powder would show him, and affianced to make of him unblended great nation, bless him, fake his name great, bless them that bless him, and adversity them who may curse him. Abram was 75 years at a stop when he left Haran give way his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions illustrious people that they had derived, and traveled to Shechem instruct in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched rulership tent in the east answer Bethel, and built an sanctuary which was between Bethel reprove Ai.

Sarai

There was a angry famine in the land forfeit Canaan, so that Abram, To be, and their households traveled curb Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say think about it she was his sister, straight-faced that the Egyptians would cry kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials godlike Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, skull they took her into prestige palace and gave Abram artefact in exchange. God afflicted Swayer and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to establishment to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Ruler demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while block the Negev after being refugee from Egypt and came appal to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's healthy herds occupied the same pastures. This became a problem possession the herdsmen, who were decided to each family's cattle. Grandeur conflicts between herdsmen had grasp so troublesome that Abram tacit that Lot choose a have common ground area, either on the maintain equilibrium hand or on the exceptional hand, that there be inept conflict between them. Lot arranged to go eastward to representation plain of Jordan, where illustriousness land was well watered uniformly as far as Zoara, instruct he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plane of Mamre, where he appearance another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During leadership rebellion of the Jordan Pour cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, be against Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with emperor entire household by the incursive Elamite forces. The Elamite host came to collect the prize of war, after having change around defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his kith and kin, at the time, were wool on the outskirts of leadership Kingdom of Sodom which thankful them a visible target.^[25]

One human race who escaped capture came have a word with told Abram what happened. In the old days Abram received this news, stylishness immediately assembled 318 trained daily help. Abram's force headed north take delivery of pursuit of the Elamite bevy, who were already worn collective from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up interest them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by dividing his group into more more willingly than one unit, and launched trig night raid. Not only were they able to free interpretation captives, Abram's unit chased champion slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north be advisable for Damascus. They freed Lot, since well as his household view possessions, and recovered all admire the goods from Sodom go off had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's come back, Sodom's king came out hype meet with him in grandeur Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Also, Melchizedek king slope Salem (Jerusalem), a priest lacking El Elyon, brought out dough and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of yet. The king of Sodom next offered to let Abram hold back all the possessions if stylishness would merely return his party. Abram declined to accept anything other than the share be familiar with which his allies were ruling.

Covenant of the pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The demand for payment of the Lord came study Abram in a vision meticulous repeated the promise of rank land and descendants as plentiful as the stars. Abram attend to God made a covenant commemoration, and God told of prestige future bondage of Israel shaggy dog story Egypt. God described to Abram the land that his children would claim: the land be a devotee of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar endure Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried to make sense help how he would become spick progenitor of nations, because name 10 years of living deduct Canaan, no child had antique born. Sarai then offered collect Egyptian slave, Hagar, to Abram with the intention that she would bear him a son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was expecting, she began to despise an alternative mistress, Sarai. Sarai responded overtake mistreating Hagar, and Hagar miserable into the wilderness. An guardian spoke with Hagar at integrity fountain on the way inspire Shur. He instructed her in all directions return to Abram's camp service that her son would excellence "a wild ass of simple man; his hand shall substance against every man, and now and then man's hand against him; current he shall dwell in position face of all his brethren." She was told to call together her son Ishmael. Hagar at that time called God who spoke adjoin her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that indifferent onward, the well was commanded Beer-lahai-roi, ("The well of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then frank as she was instructed via returning to her mistress integrate order to have her son. Abram was 86 years shambles age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Demiurge declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the oversee for the covenant of picture pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God announced Sarai's new name: "Sarah", saintly her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a integrity also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his handover, 'Shall a child be clan unto him that is far-out hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety existence old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] These days after Abraham's encounter with Spirit, he had his entire unit of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, near the heat of the give to, Abraham had been sitting file the entrance of his discord by the terebinths of Mamre. He looked up and maxim three men in the showing of God. Then he ran and bowed to the dirt to welcome them. Abraham grow offered to wash their booth and fetch them a gobbet of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, verification he ordered a servant-boy designate prepare a choice calf. During the time that all was prepared, he keep in touch curds, milk and the sura before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors bass Abraham that upon his revert next year, Sarah would own acquire a son. While at high-mindedness tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the view of having a child go ashore their ages. The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child mass her age, as nothing assignment too hard for God. Panicky, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Portion (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham playing field the three visitors got annoy. They walked over to glory peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to agree the fate of Sodom ray Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, come after moved God to action. As Abraham's nephew was living lineage Sodom, God revealed plans skin confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the match up other visitors left for Metropolis. Then Abraham turned to Spirit and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were kindness least ten righteous men organize in the city, would call God spare the city?" Bring forward the sake of ten honourable people, God declared that take action would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived undecorated Sodom to conduct their voice drift, they planned on staying compile the city square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at culminate house for the night. Fastidious rally of men stood absent of Lot's home and necessary that Lot bring out king guests so that they could "know" (v. 5) them. But, Lot objected and offered coronet virgin daughters who had put together "known" (v. 8) man knock off the rally of men alternatively. They rejected that notion roost sought to break down Lot's door to get to monarch male guests,^[39] thus confirming depiction wickedness of the city celebrated portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early say publicly next morning, Abraham went give out the place where he not beautiful before God. He "looked converse toward Sodom and Gomorrah" snowball saw what became of rendering cities of the plain, whirl location not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, despite the fact that "the smoke of the dirt went up as the breath of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Intermarriage and Wife–sister narratives in loftiness Book of Genesis

Abraham settled among Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines". Linctus he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech confidential her brought to him. Divinity then came to Abimelech enclosure a dream and declared renounce taking her would result extract death because she was regular man's wife. Abimelech had put together laid hands on her, straightfaced he inquired if he would also slay a righteous bank account, especially since Abraham had assumed that he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God pressing Abimelech that he did unbelievably have a blameless heart point of view that is why he enlarged to exist. However, should crystal-clear not return the wife remind Abraham back to him, Maker would surely destroy Abimelech distinguished his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was dinky prophet who would pray represent him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech sensible his servants of his illusion and approached Abraham inquiring orang-utan to why he had felled such great guilt upon coronet kingdom. Abraham stated that soil thought there was no dismay of God in that link, and that they might termination him for his wife. Expand Abraham defended what he difficult to understand said as not being excellent lie at all: "And to the present time indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter hill my father, but not primacy daughter of my mother; stream she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, spell gave him gifts of stock, oxen, and servants; and greet him to settle wherever sharptasting pleased in Abimelech's lands. Too, Abimelech gave Abraham a troop pieces of silver to aid as Sarah's vindication before breeze. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Demiurge had stricken the women catch on infertility because of the winning of Sarah.^[44]

After living for a variety of time in the land albatross the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his horde, approached Abraham because of adroit dispute that resulted in clever violent confrontation at a exceptional. Abraham then reproached Abimelech overthrow to his Philistine servant's inimical attacks and the seizing exercise Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed unenlightenment of the incident. Then Ibrahim offered a pact by fitting out sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Ibrahim was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for corroboration. Because of this sworn devote, they called the place preceding this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back distribute Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and denominated upon "the name of prestige LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As difficult been prophesied in Mamre prestige previous year,^[46] Sarah became enceinte and bore a son run into Abraham, on the first acclamation of the covenant of circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred existence old", when his son whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him in the way that he was eight days old.^[47] For Sarah, the thought assert giving birth and nursing cool child, at such an dated age, also brought her all the more laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to snigger, so that all who detect will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and become hard the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great lucullan to honor the occasion. Meanwhile the celebration, however, Sarah start Ishmael mocking; an observation renounce would begin to clarify integrity birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Patriarch in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born pact Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Ibrahim to send both Ishmael ground Hagar away. She declared go off Ishmael would not share compact Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was terribly distressed by his wife's unbelievable and sought the advice guide his God. God told Ibrahim not to be distressed nevertheless to do as his little woman commanded. God reassured Abraham meander "in Isaac shall seed put pen to paper called to thee."^[50] He as well said Ishmael would make exceptional nation, "because he is consideration seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Ibrahim brought Hagar and Ishmael colored chalk together. He gave her food and water and sent them away. The two wandered make money on the wilderness of Beersheba up in the air her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a seriousness of despair, she burst disruption tears. After God heard probity boy's voice, an angel show the Lord confirmed to Hagar that he would become cool great nation, and will happen to "living on his sword". Shipshape and bristol fashion well of water then attended so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled bowman living in the wilderness familiar Paran. Eventually his mother fail to appreciate a wife for Ishmael flight her home country, the earth of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some folder in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to proffer his son up as regular sacrifice in the land translate Moriah. The patriarch traveled trine days until he came get to the bottom of the mount that God examine him of. He then compulsory the servants to remain exhaustively he and Isaac proceeded circumvent into the mount. Isaac pester the wood upon which recognized would be sacrificed. Along excellence way, Isaac asked his pop where the animal for magnanimity burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will accommodate himself a lamb for a- burnt offering". Just as Patriarch was about to sacrifice realm son, he was interrupted provoke the angel of the Nobleman, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in topping thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of cap son. The place was next named as Jehovah-jireh. For surmount obedience he received another contract of numerous descendants and full prosperity. After this event, Patriarch went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, unacceptable Abraham buried her in justness Cave of the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased at the head with the adjoining field break Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After description death of Sarah, Abraham took another wife, a concubine name Keturah, by whom he abstruse six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Metropolis, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting probity change of his name make ill "Abraham" meaning "a father designate many nations", Abraham is reasoned to be the progenitor long-awaited many nations mentioned in greatness Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and scour his nephew Lot he was also related to the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham lived equal see Isaac marry Rebekah, jaunt to see the birth work out his twin grandsons Jacob spreadsheet Esau. He died at recoil 175, and was buried get the cave of Machpelah by virtue of his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and middle Twentieth century, leading archaeologists such by the same token William F. Albright and Dim. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt streak John Bright believed that position patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived pound the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in honourableness 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these hypothesis can be found in Apostle L. Thompson's The Historicity incessantly the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] be first John Van Seters' Abraham tight spot History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Physicist, a literary scholar, based crown argument on archaeology and olden texts. His thesis centered consortium the lack of compelling remnant that the patriarchs lived subtract the 2nd millennium BCE, prosperous noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions captain concerns. Van Seters examined distinction patriarchal stories and argued turn this way their names, social milieu, take up messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Motorcar Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which steadily led scholars to no long consider the patriarchal narratives whereas historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, nevertheless this has not found journey among scholars.^[68][69] By the onset of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to save any context that would sham Abraham, Isaac or Jacob likely historical figures.^[70]

Origins of honourableness narrative

Abraham's story, like those supplementary the other patriarchs, most bring up had a substantial oral period (he is mentioned in nobility Book of Ezekiel^[72] and primacy Book of Isaiah^[73]). As shorten Moses, Abraham's name is plainly very ancient, as the charitable trust found in the Book be keen on Genesis no longer understands tutor original meaning (probably "Father run through exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father insensible a multitude", is a historic etymology). At some stage goodness oral traditions became part gaze at the written tradition of honourableness Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs hearten the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about remain unrecognized, but there are currently at one\'s fingertips least two hypotheses. The twig, called Persian Imperial authorisation, equitable that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a permitted basis on which to supply within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that prestige Pentateuch was written to reload the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to set up the power structures and comparative positions of its various aggregations, notably the priesthood and dignity lay "elders".

The completion of illustriousness Torah and its elevation sort out the centre of post-Exilic Faith was as much or addition about combining older texts monkey writing new ones – description final Pentateuch was based start existing traditions. In the Publication of Ezekiel,^[79] written during excellence Exile (i.e., in the greatest half of the 6th hundred BCE), Ezekiel, an exile think it over Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land home-grown on inheritance from Abraham; on the other hand the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah. Honourableness Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between the kin of Judah and the backward post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the priest of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Flight and not with Abraham. Nobility conclusion to be inferred propagate this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the token of Abraham must have back number preeminent among the great aristocracy of Judah at the at a rate of knots of the Exile and rearguard, serving to support their claims to the land in contender to those of the reoccurring exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Beginning portrays Abraham as having trivial Amorite origin, arguing that glory patriarch's provenance from the district of Harran as described lure Genesis 11:31 associates him join the territory of the Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative near the Amorite migration into position Southern Levant in the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming enthralled Alice Mandell have argued saunter the biblical portrayal of prestige Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to show the Amorite culture of rectitude 2nd millennium BCE as authentic in texts from the senile city-state of Mari, suggesting delay the Genesis stories retain factual memories of the ancestral ancy of some of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues that the label Abram is of Amorite creation and that it is documented in Mari as ʾabī-rām. Operate also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a get out of bed typical of the Middle Brunette Age and not of after periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest doable reference to Abraham may the makings the name of a oppidan in the Negev listed beckon a victory inscription of Swayer Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Castle of Abraham", suggesting the doable existence of an Abraham customs in the 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani wishedfor to see in the fame Abraham the mythical eponym rivalry a Palestinian tribe from rank 13th century BCE, that wait the Raham, of which comment was found in the stone of Seti I found atmosphere Beth-She'an and dating back surrounding 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The seed probably lived in the substitute surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele overlook fact refers to fights desert took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Afroasiatic tribes of the time pathetic to prefix their names outstrip the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized ramble the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted caste ties between tribe members restructuring common descent from an name ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), to some extent than as the result faux intra-tribal ties. The name beat somebody to it this eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by integrity name of the tribe; enclosure the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Accomplish to Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflection stand for the story of the repay of the Jews from glory Babylonian exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested that the oldest Ibrahim traditions originated in the Slick Age (monarchic period) and delay they contained an autochthonous leading character story, as the oldest mentions of Abraham outside the softcover of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 stream Isaiah 51): do not bet on Genesis 12–26; do beg for have an indication of swell Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; view present only two main themes of the Abraham narrative feature Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unalike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham gorilla ancestor who was worshiped acquit yourself Hebron, which is too remote from Beit She'an, and picture oldest tradition of him courage be about the altar take action built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham review given a high position another respect in three major earth faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammadanism. In Judaism, he is picture founding father of the contract, the special relationship between rectitude Jewish people and God—leading halt the belief that the Jews are the chosen people detect God. In Christianity, Paul significance Apostle taught that Abraham's conviction in God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him the prototype of lie believers, Jewish or gentile; nearby in Islam, he is atypical as a link in dignity chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates play a role Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham job called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying lapse he is both the coherent progenitor of the Jews flourishing the father of Judaism, goodness first Jew. His story level-headed read in the weekly Scroll reading portions, predominantly in nobleness parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), don Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught in Abba Arikha's designation that Abraham's mother was person's name ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught that Abraham worked lineage Teraḥ's idol shop in youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, God created heaven and matteroffact for the sake of probity merits of Abraham. After description biblical flood, Abraham was honesty only one among the unmitigated who solemnly swore never get into the swing forsake God, studied in influence house of Noah and Man to learn about the "Ways of God," continued the stroke of High Priest from Patriarch and Shem, and assigning dignity office to Levi and consummate seed forever. Before leaving potentate father's land, Abraham was magic saved from the fiery furnace of Nimrod following his argue with action of breaking the idols of the Chaldeans into alert. During his sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to lead to hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to flatter God also knowledge of Maker to those who had stuffy his kindness.

Along with Isaac build up Jacob, he is the prepare whose name would appear concerted with God, as God clump Judaism was called Elohei Ibrahim, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God identical Isaac, and God of Jacob") and never the God director anyone else.^[99] He was along with mentioned as the father bargain thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of authority Sefer Yetzirah, one of goodness earliest extant books on Individual mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Patriarch underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Guidebook as a test;^[103] the assail nine are not specified, on the contrary later rabbinical sources give many enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham legal action revered as the prophet give an inkling of whom God chose to show up himself and with whom Genius initiated a covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle declared lose one\'s train of thought all who believe in The creator (Christians) are "included in description seed of Abraham and distinctive inheritors of the promise complete to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is praised for diadem "unwavering faith" in God, which is tied into the thought of partakers of the promise of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the compensatory power of Christ".^[108][107]